assessment strategies for day to day assessments

Appraisal can be defined as utilizing assorted methods to understand with deepness and lucidity the current cognition that a student possesses, runing from a simple observation to organize a instructor ‘s subjective sentiment ( formative appraisal ) , to a formal trial or scrutiny ( summational appraisal ) . The cognition of a pupil is perpetually altering and as a consequence, instructors are able to do formative or summational opinions on pupil accomplishment by comparing of their work utilizing a progressive program of work. Assessment, formative or summational, is used to measure a student ‘s class, promotion, mark group arrangement, teacher direction and entree to the course of study. Many critics believe that one signifier of appraisal ( summational or formative ) , may be at the disbursal of the other. An statement possibly to be addressed elsewhere! For the intents of this essay, it is persevering to presume that ; ‘The two signifiers of appraisal can be reciprocally supportive- formative appraisal supports the procedure of acquisition, summational appraisal measures the consequence ‘ ( Kyriacou, 2007, p247 ) . In the undermentioned, I will research the deduction of the usage of both formative and summational appraisal and its topographic point in instruction today, the function of appraisal in my placement school and will reason with some contemplation on the benefits and cavity falls of appraisal in instruction.The intent of appraisalAppraisal can be categorised as any technique or activity used to measure the public presentation of a student against specific larning outcomes set out for them by their school. â€Å" Appraisal for Learning is the procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one's mind where the scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place. † A ( Assessment Reform Group, 2002 ) Appraisal in instruction has seen a immense rise in popularity since the debut of the National Curriculum in 1988 for two grounds ; foremost it is the agencies by which authoritiess are able to mensurate the educational end product of any given school against other schools locally and nationally, with the outlook of raising educational criterions, and secondly, instructors have progressively realised the value of uninterrupted appraisal for informing them of and steering them in their instruction procedure. The most often used intents for appraisal are as follows: – To supply the instructor with feedback sing pupil advancement. This enables the instructor to see the effectivity of their instruction sing the student accomplishing their acquisition results. Particular misinterpretations or jobs may be highlighted as a consequence, leting for be aftering for remedial action or revised learning methods. To supply the student with instructional feedback. This enables the student to measure their criterion of work against a given standards or expected criterion. Using elaborate feedback, students may understand the outlooks on them from any given piece of work more clearly, and usage to rectify and better their work. To actuate students. Positive feedback can efficaciously excite motive. To supply a record of advancement. Regular appraisal enables the instructor and the school to maintain a decisive record of pupil attainment over a drawn-out period of clip, enabling the instructor to do specific opinions sing the student ‘s current and future educational demands. It is peculiarly helpful in placing peculiar jobs or troubles. A student ‘s record of advancement will be used when pass oning with co-workers and informing parents. It may besides assist a instructor to reevaluate their pedagogic methods when learning similar groups in the hereafter. To supply a statement of accurate attainment. By utilizing specific attainment standards, the student ‘s degree of attainment at any given clip can be assessed. To measure student ‘s preparedness for future acquisition. Students can be assessed against their preparedness to entree new countries of acquisition, whether they have any specific acquisition troubles or if they have efficaciously covered old larning necessary for the instructor to continue with a specific subject. Lack of understanding in this case would ask further planning for revised acquisition and readying by the instructor. To supply grounds of instructor and school effectivity. The appraisal of pupil accomplishment and record of their advancement gives an indicant of the success and effectivity of the instructor and the school. Data is used in local and national statistics which may impact the school ‘s popularity or support chances. ( Q1, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13 )Summational AppraisalSummational Assessment identifies the criterion of attainment achieved at any given point in the school twelvemonth, although normally carried out at the terminal of a class of work or terminal of the school twelvemonth. Various ways of measuring acquisition, sometimes referred to as ‘multiple response manners ‘ can be used to derive grounds of student acquisition, for illustration tick sheets and portfolios, but the most good recognized illustration of summational testing is the high-profile Standard Attainment Tests ( SATs ) taken nationally at the terminal of Key Stage 1 and 2, and used by authoritiess to measure the educational end product of single schools and published in League Tables. The consequences indicate the degree ( below, on mark or above for their age ) a kid is working at, assessed against eight National Curriculum Target Levels which enables the school ( or feeder school ) to do programs for the kid ‘s future acquisition and schools to find if they are learning efficaciously, by the comparing of their whole-school and students ‘ public presentation against national consequences. ( Q12, Q13 )Formative Appraisal‘An appraisal activity can assist larning if it provides information to be used as feedback by instructors and their students in measuring themselves and each other, to modify the instruction and acquisition activities in which they are engaged. Such assessment becomes formative appraisal when the grounds is really used to accommodate the instruction to run into learning demands ‘ . ( Black et al, 2002, p2 ) Formative Assessment has gained a high profile in recent old ages following the debut of the National Curriculum and the publication of the Assessment Reform Groups ‘ ( ARG, 2002 ) sum-up of research which formed the footing for the 10 rules for Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) ( 2002 ) . Ongoing formative appraisal relies on the informal, synergistic and qualitative measuring of the appraisal of student larning during ordinary schoolroom activities. Teachers use a scope of schemes in different contexts and for different intents, whilst concentrating on how pupils learn. This attack enables instructors to rapidly place mistakes and misconceptions and advance effectual hereafter larning for their students utilizing regular, constructive and formative written and unwritten feedback with the intent of enabling students to do good advancement. Personalised and differentiated acquisition accessed via every twenty-four hours Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) , is linked inextricably with inclusive, Quality First ( National Strategies, 2010 ) Teaching and student acquisition, ‘the adept usage of appraisal patterns which complement and ease the trademarks of effectual instruction is indispensable ‘ ( Kyriacou, 2007, p106 ) and should be an built-in portion of every lesson. The impact of congratulations and positive feedback, whilst avoiding comparing with other students, can hold far making effects on the scholar ‘s battle, enthusiasm and assurance. By clearly sharing the acquisition aims ( what is to be learned ) and the acquisition results or success standards ( what the kids will be expected to make one time they have learned it ) , the instructor and student are so able to prosecute in the procedure of appraisal, utilizing schemes the instructor deems ‘fit for intent ‘ in the context of the lesson. Through observation and listening to garner intelligence ; oppugning and whole-class duologue ; giving unwritten and written feedback and planning for group talk, AfL enables the scholar be actively engage, to understand the quality of their work and how to better their acquisition. There is besides grounds that low attainers and pupils with specific larning demands or disablements peculiarly benefit from formative appraisal. ‘Learners need information and counsel in order to be after following stairss in their acquisition. Teachers should: nail the scholar ‘s strengths and rede on how to develop them ; be clear and constructive about any failings and how they might be addressed ; supply chances for scholars to better upon their work. ( Assessment Reform Group, 2002, p. 2 ) ( Q1, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q19, Q26b )Appraisal schemes for daily appraisal during the lessonQuestioning aˆ? Asking inquiries to measure kids ‘s get downing points, in order to measure attainment degree and plan/adapt acquisition and instruction activities consequently. aˆ? Asking a scope of inquiries, from actual to higher-order ( unfastened and closed inquiries ) , leting students ‘think clip ‘ which will promote a deeper apprehension of the inquiry posed. aˆ? Using talk spouses and guaranting all are engaged in replying inquiries. Using oppugning to prosecute in single and whole-class duologue. Detecting aˆ? Watching kids at their work, listening to their treatments leting for an appraisal of their acquisition as it is go oning. aˆ? Making planned observations of peculiar kids who may be holding troubles to back up their acquisition in the lesson.21-2004 G | A © Crown right of first publication 2004 Discoursing aˆ? Brief ad-lib treatments with kids if there have been any issues during a lesson. aˆ? Holding treatments with kids to measure their apprehension and to determine grounds for any misinterpretations or misconceptions and leting issues to be resolved within the lesson. aˆ? Holding informed treatments following up earlier appraisal, in order to discourse advancement, marks and any equal or ego appraisals that have been made. Using these to let planning for the following stairss in acquisition. Analyzing aˆ? Marking and measuring written work with the kids, leting for designation of any common mistakes or misconceptions. This will besides assist steer kids sing how they can better and advancement. aˆ? Discoursing with the kids their responses to the lesson ‘s undertakings, leting for designation of ability to rectify any mistakes and misconceptions. This will besides assist to measure their accomplishment against the acquisition aims, monitor their advancement and let treatment sing how they can better and the following stairss for them in their acquisition. Checking kids ‘s apprehension aˆ? Conducting callback trials with planned or self-generated inquiries to measure instantly with the kids their cognition and velocity of callback. aˆ? Reviewing what has been taught antecedently leting for both kids and instructors to place what might necessitate alteration and to steer the lesson and future planning. ( Q1, Q12, Q22, Q25a, 25b, 25c, 25d, Q26b )Self and peer appraisalSelf and peer appraisal are a agencies of heightening formative appraisal during which single, braces or little groups of kids identify the advancement that has been made in the lesson, what they still find ambitious and how to better through be aftering their following stairss in larning. By advancing the development of independent ego and peer appraisal and giving them ownership of their advancement, pupils learn to supervise and measure their ain acquisition schemes and accomplishments. Honesty in appraisal is non seen to be an issue as some might hold presumed, ‘pupils are by and large honorable and dependable in measuring both themselves and one another ; they can even be excessively difficult on themselves ‘ . ( Black & A ; Wiliams,1998, p7 ) . Crucially, ‘pupils can measure themselves merely when they have a sufficiently clear image of the marks that their acquisition is meant to achieve ‘ ( ibid, p7 ) . Sometimes the instructor may utilize appropriate illustrations of work to exemplify specific marks. Using shared purposes and planned marks, work can be reviewed with or without the instructor ‘s engagement and consequences recorded and used to make revised marks. Using student self rating techniques such as the ‘thumbs up/thumbs down ‘ technique, instructors may rapidly determine pupil understanding at any given point in a lesson. ( Q28 )Planning, feedback and prepTeachers, working alongside their co-workers, plan a strategy of work by planing sequences of related acquisition activities which have detailed and clear aims. Using the National Strategy programme of survey, as set out in the National Curriculum enchiridion ( 1999 ) , they will take into history the age and ability scope of their category. Using their secure course of study cognition and accurately assessed cognition of their students ‘ anterior accomplishment degrees utilizing AfL, they are able to be after for individualized acquisition and inclusion in their patterned advance of learning. This allows the instructor to present a lesson during which they will supervise students, supply accurate feedback, challenge all students and assist all scholars achieve. Feedback is most effectual when it is descriptive and linked to the acquisition objectives/success standards coupled with suggested larning patterned advance paths. Well planned prep has the added advantage of consolidating and edifice on anterior acquisition and working with the support of parents or carers. ( Q11, Q19, Q22, Q25a, 25b, 25c, 25d, Q26b ) The National Curriculum, Programme of Study, Level Descriptors and Attainment TargetEach topic in the course of study, at each Key Stage, has a programme of survey as set out in the National Curriculum Handbook ( 1999 ) which outlines the topic cognition to be covered at any given clip. Each topic has 8 attainment marks level forms or Attainment Focus ( AF ) Levels as set out in the National Strategies appraisal standards grids ( 2010 ) , for each attainment mark ( 2010 ) . These become increasingly more ambitious and have an extra degree for ‘exceptional public presentation ‘ for students with outstanding ability. These are used by instructors to supply the footing for doing an accurate opinion on the student ‘s public presentation by Measuring Pupil Progress ( APP ) and compared at all times against the degrees above and below to guarantee an accurate appraisal is recorded. Each degree description describes in some item the age-related outlooks of an mean student by puting out ‘the accomplishments and understanding that students of different abilities and adulthoods are expected to hold by the terminal of each cardinal phase ‘ ( The Education Act, 1996, subdivision 353a ) . ( Q11, Q22, Q26b, Q28 )Measuring Pupil Progress ( APP )In a move off from formal testing, APP was introduced as an alternate agencies of whole-school and student appraisal through SATs trials. A structured, on-going national attack to appraisal ( where the boundaries between formative and summational appraisal can film over ) , APP equips instructors ( and learning helpers ) to track and do judgements on students ‘ advancement. Through uninterrupted appraisal utilizing AfL, the digest of a elaborate and individualized profile for each kid is built utilizing the AF Levels appraisal guideline grids. These records allow instructors to understand their students ‘ acquisition demands, and place any spreads in their instruction that may hold arisen, and so leting for future acquisition to be planned consequently which in bend will back up schools in raising criterions of accomplishment. APP is most effectual when it draws on a wide scope of grounds that shows what students can make independently and is in peculiar really effectual when measuring students with English as a 2nd linguistic communication. ( Q11, Q13, Q19, Q26b ) ,Appraisal demandsIt is a school ‘s statutory duty through APP to measure all students against 1999 Programme of Study and Attainment Targets, as stated by the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency ( QCDA ) and adhering to the standards set out in the National Curriculum, with the intents of estimating all kids locally and nationally against the Government set established nati onal marks ( degrees and bomber degrees ) in their acquisition patterned advance through their school life. The information is collected locally and nationally to determine the overall public presentation of a school in conformity with the expected degrees of accomplishment for their age. A secure cognition of the national appraisal demands will assist instructors plan their lessons and fix scholars good for public scrutinies and makings. ( Q11 )Tracking and BenchmarkingThe school may implement its ain trailing system. Teachers sporadically review aggregations of students ‘ work, frequently in coaction with co-workers, to construct a record of their accomplishments and leting for an appraisal of the overall national course of study degree the kid is working at. Children are rated ‘low ‘ , ‘secure ‘ or high within each national course of study degree. Benchmarking is the term given to the procedure of mensurating criterions of existent public presentation against those achieved by others with loosely similar features, designation of best pattern and the chance to larn from those better executing schools can be identified, to raise the criterions of accomplishment of a school and originate more informed whole-school and student mark puting. ( Q13 )Appraisal in Berridge Junior SchoolAt the terminal of each cardinal phase, Berridge submits their teacher appraisal informations consequences of the national course of study appraisals to their Local Authority ( LA ) and to the authorities. The entry of these, including P graduated table informations via an Assessment of Reporting Arrangement ( ARA ) or a Teacher Assessment of Reporting Arrangement ( TARA ) ( QCDA 2010 ) at KS3 is a statutory demand. APP has late been introduced and rolled out across the whole school after instructor and TA preparation from February of this twelvemonth. U sing strict appraisal informations to track student advancement, and curricular marks, based on the aims in the Primary Framework for learning ( 2010 ) which are logged via the School Information Management System ( SIMS ) ( 2010 ) system, Berridge is able to place countries for whole-school betterment. An Annual Performance Review ( APR ) allows for in- depth analysis of advancement. Since take parting in the Local Authority ‘s School Improvement Partner ( SIP ) Programme ( 2007 ) the school has consolidated and enhanced their monitoring and rating. Although, due to the demographics of the school and high proportion of EAL students, course of study degrees are lower than the national norm. However the school ‘s ‘contextual value added ‘ ( CVA ) mark, which statistically assesses how effectual the school is through mensurating pupil advancement and trial and scrutiny consequences, indicates that the school is executing highly good. Introduced in 2007, the age -related course of study marks have been used to piece a school development program and the benefits are already highly clear. All students are tested and assessed, prior to aim grouping for English and Maths in KS2. Parents are informed of pupil advancement via termly parents ‘ eventides, reading journals and one-year written studies.DecisionIn decision the above treatment has demonstrated the cardinal characteristics of appraisal and reflected on the deductions of formative and summational appraisal in schools today. I have demonstrated how AfL, APP, ego and peer appraisal, planning, benchmarking, tracking and assessment demands impact on a instructor ‘s function in school and crucially her duty towards her students ‘ acquisition success through secure course of study cognition, effectual teaching method, planning and modified be aftering to run into any given success standards within the National Curriculum. For me, the strengths in assessment prevarication in schools being able to place advancement and more crucially, countries for betterment, rapidly and briefly as I have seen to great consequence in my arrangement school where the AF Levels are accessed via ‘I can ‘ statements for child user-friendliness and lucidity. AfL is seen by many as a tool for educational reform and addresses the supposed ruins of the SATs trials. Using elaborate descriptions of state of affairss or public presentation, appraisal can nevertheless be subjective, but in the custodies of an experient instructor it can be an highly valuable tool. The failings in appraisal in my sentiment prevarication steadfastly at the pess of the controversial SATs and League Tables and the force per unit area they place on schools to execute, and although my placement school boycotted the Year 6 SATs trials last twelvemonth, they opt to take ‘optional ‘ Saturday trials at the terminal of every school twelvemonth in old ages 3,4 and 5 in an effort to fix their students good for the inevitable. It could be argued that the increased burden put on regulated formalised proving within the school course of study has led to a failure to measure important larning results and led to pupils non being given the chance to pattern their higher-order thought accomplishments. Of class, the inquiry remains, in the visible radiation of recent authorities alteration, the deductions on instructors ‘ prioritisation of curricular coverage and their clip when prolonging a system which runs both SATs testing and APP at the same time.

Comparisons of The Parthenon in Athens and the Pantheon in Rome Essay

The Parthenon and the Pantheon are temples built by ancient peoples are alike in so many ways but dissimilar in others.  Ã‚   Both were built to honor the Gods of their builders. The Parthenon built by the Greeks in Athens and the Pantheon in Rome built by the Romans.   On first looking at the buildings, the Parthenon is rectangular and the Pantheon primarily circular.  Ã‚   The Parthenon is built of white marble blocks; the Pantheon is built of concrete and was only faced in marble.   Concrete was a Roman invention and came after the Greek civilization.   Both structures were built to honor Gods.   The Greek structure was built to honor Athena, patron of Athens, Athena Parthenos; the Roman structure was built to honor all the Gods in their pantheon of deities.   Both structures were lighted by only natural light of the sun.   The Parthenon was illuminated only by light coming in through the open doors at the front of the temple.   The Pantheon was lighted by illumination coming in through a circular opening in the ceiling called the oculus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Parthenon in Athens was built according to the Doric order.   The Pantheon was built to the Corinthian order.   The three orders being Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.   Doric is the most simple or the types and Corinthian the most ornate. It is said that one can tell plain to fancy by the syllables.   Doric having one syllable, Ionic two and Corinthian three. Roman architecture coming after the Greek, it is generally acknowledged that the Roman architecture was derived from the Greek as were most of the Roman Gods, but they refined and added to both to get them Roman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for the architectural elements of the buildings, the Parthenon is basically a rectangle with slab on column architecture.   The Pantheon, a Greek word meaning â€Å"all the Gods†, by the way, is a product of Roman advanced architecture with the arch (a Roman invention) made into a dome (essentially an arch completely turned round on its central axis).   The front is a barrel vault (an arch, repeated endlessly on the central axis), attached to the dome.   Both structures have columns, but on both structures they are plain.   The Doric column is a round plain shaft, but on the Pantheon they are plain by choice.   The ordinary Corinthian column most often being fluted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another distinctive feature of the Pantheon is the dome.   An invention of the much later Romans is heavier at the base.   The dome is made of cement wider and heavier at the base with progressive thinness graduating toward the top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both structures have had multiple uses since its completion.   Both have been reported being built for worship.   That factor has been debated for centuries.   The Parthenon could have been a treasury.  Ã‚   With each succeeding conquering entity, the use of the building changed.   As with the Parthenon, the Pantheon uses have changed.   Most notably, from pagan temple to Catholic church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although both buildings are from the Classical period, both buildings survived into the 20th century.   The Pantheon being built of concrete and so fireproof, survived in better condition.   Both structures in their time were used as marble quarries for the conquering entity of the time.   Sculpture was taken from both also.  Ã‚   Enough remains of the structures with descriptions of each through all their existence, to give a picture of them the moment completion was finished.   Enough remains of each, to give a picture of how magnificent they looked in their time, to the people that conceived and built them. References: Sullivan, MA. Images of The Pantheon. March 21, 2007 Platner, SB and Ashby, T.   A  Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press, 1929.   March 21, 2007 < http://penelope.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  uchicago.edu /Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pantheon.html> The British Museum. The Parthenon. March 22, 2007 The Parthenon.   March 22, 2007 The Parthenon. March 22, 2007 The Parthenon. March 22, 2007   

Impact of implementing clinical practice guidelines to prevent Literature review

Impact of implementing clinical practice guidelines to prevent pressure ulcers - Literature review Example The paper tells that over the years, researches and similar works have recognised the ill effects of extended immobility. In fact, Clavet, et al. found that immobility leads to skeletal degeneration, while Smorawiński, et al. found that immobility causes oxygenation problem. In addition, Paddon-Jones, et al. revealed that patients who stay bedridden for a long period of time experience loss of muscle mass, the severity of which depends on the length of immobility. Still, among the most adverse effects of immobility is the development of pressure or decubitus ulcers. Pressure ulcers are usually caused by the shearing effects of friction against the skin surface constantly in contact with the bed or mattress. They are a major concern for healthcare professionals because of their impact on the patient, the costs and challenges they present to the healthcare delivery system, and because of their prevalence and severity. Indeed, in the United States alone, around one million individua ls develop pressure ulcers. Bedsores are also most commonly found in elderly individuals, both in hospitals and nursing homes or similar institutions. According to Park-Lee and Caffrey, 11 percent of nursing home residents (or 159,000 patients) developed pressure ulcers in 2004. Patients who are around 64 years of age are more prone to developing pressure ulcers, the most common of which is Stage 2 bedsores. Moreover, in terms of severity, the same authors noted that pressure ulcers have been observed as the direct cause of death in around eight percent of paraplegic patients. Finally for the United States, Cuddigan, Berlowitz and Ayello (2001) revealed that around 60% of quadriplegics, 25% of nursing home residents, and 10% if all hospital patients all develop bedsores. In the United Kingdom (UK), Clark, et al. (2004) found that one in five admitted hospital patients has, or is developing, a pressure ulcer. This statistic translates to around 20,000 inpatients in the UK at any give n time. As for residential settings, although not much documentation is available, patients are constantly referred to the healthcare system for solutions or interventions. Moreover, around 400,000 patients develop a new bedsore every year in the United Kingdom. This high prevalence of pressure ulcers has also been observed in hospitals and other settings in Ireland. In the study by Gallagher, et al. (2008), the authors found that in three university teaching hospitals, around 18.5% of patients have developed pressure ulcers. Of these, 77% are hospital-acquired, and 49% are grade one. Also, in another study by Moore and Cowman (2011), it was revealed that in the Republic of Ireland, the prevalence rate of pressure ulcers is nine percent. Although relatively low, this percentage is made complicated by the fact that the greatest percentage of the documented cases are grade two sores (33%), mainly located on the heel (25%) and on the sacrum (58%). Also, around 53% of the study’s respondents were completely immobile or had very limited mobility. Other than the risk posed by its prevalence, pressure ulcers also present challenges to the individual and the community. For the patient and his/her family, much pain and discomfort is caused by the presence of pressure ulcers. Indeed, according to the Institute of Medicine (2001), pressure ulcers hamper the patient’s recovery, as well as cause unnecessary strain on the caregiver. For the community, pressure ulcers also present challenges in terms of costs. In terms of costs, pressure ulcers drain a lot of financial resources for the healthcare sector. In the US, for example, around $1 billion was used in 2004 for the treatment of pressure ulcers. Similarly, in the UK, the NHS spends around ?1.8-2.6 billion on hospitalisations and treatments involving pressure ulcers or

The Justification, Planning, and Preparation for the Attacks by Al-Qai Essay

The Justification, Planning, and Preparation for the Attacks by Al-Qaida in the United States on September 11, 2001 - Essay Example This paper will seek to reflect on the detailed planning, preparation and attempts at justification that bin Laden and his entire Al-Qaida organization did prior to the devastating September 11th attacks. In my opinion, the United States had not afforded the proper degree of attention to the threat that was posed by the bin Laden led Al-Qaida organization. This is evidenced by although bin Laden is quoted in a report issued by the United Kingdom government as having issued a number of proclamations against the United States, urging Muslims around the world to kill both American citizens and their military forces, the United States never took any direct action against this potential threat. In making the threat, Osama bin Laden had justified the attacks by claiming that the people of Islam had for long endured suffering from the wanton injustice, aggression and iniquity that was being forcibly imposed on them by the Zionist-Crusader alliance and their respective collaborators. He argued that it was now time that Muslims engaged in a Jihad targeted at cleansing the land from these Arabian peninsula crusader occupiers. Of concern also is that even after the devastating attacks conducted by the group in East Africa, against United States targets, relatively very little effort was put in place to try reign in and cripple the threat that was being posed by this organization. According to the same United Kingdom report, Bin Laden had justified attacks on American and Jewish targets by claiming that Muslims that happened to die in the course of them would be rewarded as they were carrying out God’s work (Murphy 239). The planning for the attacks on the United States was very extensive and took a number of years as is seen to be characteristic of all the attacks conducted by the Al-Qaida organization. In moving the attackers to the United States several years prior to the attacks, taking them through flight schools and using flight simulators to help them carefully study the controls of some of the larger aircraft; I believe that the al-Qaida organization displayed a great degree of detail in its planning.  Ã‚  

Was Jesus Like Adam Before or After the Fall Research Paper

Was Jesus Like Adam Before or After the Fall - Research Paper Example In other words, Jesus was reached by sin but not contaminated. Outline Adam, Sin and Its Consequences to the World A. The Nature of Adam Before the fall According to Cairus, God created man in his own likeness, and gave man dominion over the earth. He created man to not only sing his praises, to manifest his glory and worship Him, but also to create a fellowship with Him. Man was created in God’s image, but was not a reflection of God, but was more like a painting – Cairus makes the example that the sun may reflect upon the water, and this is an image of the sun; a painting may also make an image of the sun. One, the reflection upon the water, represents the sun itself making an image; the other consists of a creation of the sun on a canvas. The way that God made man was more like the painting then the reflection upon the water. So, like a van Gogh making a self-portrait, God essentially created a self-portrait when he created man. Moreover, only man was created in the image of God, according to Cairus, and this was shown by the fact that the land the creatures of the world, created before God, were pronounced â€Å"g ood,† while the creation of man was pronounced by God to be â€Å"very good.† ... Cairus solves this conundrum by stating that the reason for this is God gave man â€Å"freedom† or free will. This is what makes man autonomous and individual, as opposed to being merely a reflection and image of God. Adam was given this freedom, and, when he was created he was considered to be â€Å"innocent† - this means that he was not yet tempted by sin, therefore he was pure and without sin. Adam and Eve, who was created from Adam's rib, were God's helpers on earth, and were created to serve Him and enjoy a happy communion with Him in paradise.3 God created Adam and Eve as a pair, and He celebrated the first marriage. God also stated that, as long as the first pair did not betray Him, that they could live in paradise for eternity and have dominion over all things.4 Fowler states that Adam and Eve, as the first representatives of humankind came to earth after a divine council, and the members of the Godhead chose to make mankind in the image of God. The dominion, co upled with the fact that man was created in God's image, meant that Adam and Eve were â€Å"crowned in God's glory and honor,† according to Fowler.5 Since they were created by God, Fowler states that they were to be totally obedient to God, and pledge allegiance only to Him. For Him, Adam and Eve were to give unconditional love and obedience, unreserved praise and absolute gratitude. They were also commanded to hold no other divinity above God. This would include the person's self – the self must never come before God, and this was one of the commandments upon Adam.6 Essentially, Adam was to put nothing before God, and put nothing between himself and God, and must reject the temptation to equate the self with

The Big Parallel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Parallel - Essay Example The paper herein seeks to compare keenly and contrast the teachings that are contained in the Quran and those in the Hebrews Bible as well as in the New Testament. In addition, the paper will carefully bring into focus most of the theological issues such as the ritual aspects of Islam, the ethical nature of Allah, the doctrines of creation among other issues. The Bible and Qur’an normally have several similarities, as both are considered holy by Christians and the Muslims respectively. Both are comprised of teachings, narratives, poetry whereby in both, there is rebuking in case one goes off the line of expectations by the teachings. In both, there are clear teachings of the how the creation came into existence all by a Supreme Being. In the Qur’an, Muslims believe that God dictated every word in the Holy book, therefore; it is perfect just like God to them is (Warraq 34). Equally, the Christians believe that the Bible is simply true as it was written by people that were inspired by God Himself. Christians firmly believe that the bible is indeed an actual record of Almighty God’s revelation to the Jews and even through Christ Jesus. The two holy books are accorded sufficient respect. The Bible and Quran have used a lot of common figures. For instance, for the same narratives both identify the prophets such as Imram, Enoch, Ishmael and Job. In the teachings of both Quran and the Bible, there is a common belief that Jesus for Christians and Mohammad for Muslims was a messenger of one God. Therefore believing major people such as Moses, Jesus, Adam and Muhammad is a definite requirement for all people that associate themselves with Islam or Christianity. As Christians, the Muslims as well have a strong belief that Mary was chaste and was a virgin who miraculously brought forth Jesus. In addition, the Christians and Muslims have faith in the teachings that Jesus was able to perform miracles (Taussig 20). To Muslims, they believe that

Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Play - Essay Example Both Jay and Billy are surprised to find no one else for attending the funeral. Wondering about the shape and color of the funeral urn, Billy finds from Jay that he wanted to have a proper death Jar as this urn, for his father, instead of going for depressing grey ones. This shows the feeling of Jay for the deceased, as he wanted the funeral to be bright. Perhaps this is the reason for him being disappointed to find a dark empty room, as he entered the hall. The father of these siblings has died and the urn is for his funeral, although he had been an atheist. However, the setting has little relevance to the urn and the church, as sister and brother virtually fight over the kind of life their father lived. While their parents had divorced, mother was suspected to have cheated upon their father, when he was away from home, to Russia. She married another man, Peter and betrayed their father. The reason for their failure to see each other, for a long time, has its root in the breaking of family, many years back. While their mother did not attend the funeral, other relatives avoided it, fearing that she would be there. The play highlights the grudge these siblings have against each other, as they feel that each-one has taken the side of father or mother. While they feel justified for taking such action, the oral fight resulted in the violence, as Jay cobra strikes his sister and she hits back, during the funeral setting, as both tried to defend their deeds. However, the theme of the play is strikingly conveyed to the audience in its last dialogue, when both miss having a family where brother and sister could live together. They are together, emotionally, for that moment, at-least. (Screenplays) This play by Ryan Isenhart has two characters, Jackie Keller and Wesley O’Connor, both around the age of 60 years. While both have been fighters, Jackie has won prize, in such contests. The theme of the play lies in the fighting spirit, which both have,

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example He stated every company should concentrate on External marketing directed towards the customers and Internal marketing directed towards the employees (Kotler, 13). While external marketing takes care of processes like advertising and selling internal marketing takes care of "hiring, training and motivating able employees who want to serve customers well" says Kotler. Internal marketing should precede external marketing to give hundred percent satisfactions to the customers. It is up to the human resource development team to make the internal marketing successful. The concept of Marketing as management gained more popularity after the "Introduction to Market-based management" booklet was released. The booklet highlights instilling ethics, self-dedication and incentive based motivation to employees is important for smooth operation of any organization. The HR department should act like a friend, philosopher and guide in creating an open, friendly atmosphere for the employees. Every emp loyee should be motivated to work towards a common mission individually and as a team. An accountant in a firm should have a feeling that his accurate and fast billing capacities plays a key role in customer satisfaction, while the domestic worker should believe a cleaner environment helps employees works better and improves the image of the company. An "invisible hand" should drive every person in the company towards selling the product or creating the best product, not the marketing department personnel alone. Marketing and Stakeholders Analyzing from a Human resource point of view, stakeholder is any person who can exert control over the HR department and alter their activities. It can be the boss or the employee union or the customer who forces HR to train the employees better. The stakeholders outside the organization are the buyers while the ones inside the company are the value creators for the stake holder’s money (Reed, 1983). Some stakeholders act as barriers while others support productive activities. Integrated marketing concept helps an organization to identify the needs of all classes of stakeholders quite easily and efficiently. Deloitte – a major Consulting Firm Deloitte Consulting is a major auditing firm transacting over $31.3 billion annually. Their Human Resource system is studied by every management student in the world. It manages over 193000 employees and is spread over 150 countries (Khurana, 2010). The auditing firm has a versatile client list. They train each of their employees with utmost concern to serve the best clients, their marketing department lures in with much effort. Deloitte’s future plan Deloitte is next to Pricewaterhousecoopers in terms of money transaction. Their aim is to reach the number one position in the market within a short period of time. They already have the largest client list in the world. They provide auditing and taxation assistance services to several huge companies in the world. They look forward to expand their companies consulting services in several growing eastern economies like China, Korea and southern countries like Brazil. Traditional companies operated in a pyramid model with the CEO on top. The modern companies use an inverted pyramid marketing strategy, where the customer is at the top, the front end sellers dealing with them directly is next, the middle managers are placed third and the CEO is placed last whose job is to give the necessary resources and

Pph Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pph - Assignment Example Data relating to previous pregnancies and postpartum hemorrhage were obtained from population-based linked birth and hospital-discharge records that were identified. These data with a population-based design study were consisted of 4,000 participants, in which 300 cases of hemorrhage was identified, including 50 cases of severe postpartum hemorrhage. Purposive random sampling was done for the sample selection. Snowball sampling was done to assure randomization. This sampling method is conducted where each member of a criterion-defined population has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample. All randomly selected participants were analyzed using medical files and medication administration records (which includes the dose, time and route given) that were used for data collection. The use of these records was aimed to determine the effectiveness of the pharmacological treatment for postpartum hemorrhage. Chosen respondents from the aforementioned sampling method were personally informed by the researcher through direct interview, emails and phone calls. The study was carried out on from the medical records of women who have given birth in which active management of labor was implemented which include the administration of uterotonic drugs. Maternal age, parity, gestation, mode of delivery, cause of postpartum hemorrhage and grade of doctor managing the case were recorded. Specifically, the medication administration records were the main sources of data. With this, administration of uterotonic drugs can be closely monitored, as to the time, dosage, frequency and intervals. Actual medical files are also accessed to assess effectiveness of the treatment methods and the actual patient responses to the treatment strategy. The data obtained will be treated unbiased and the confidentiality of the information and identity will not be disclosed. Patient names will not be used; instead codes will be assigned to

Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Essay Example for Free

Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Essay Personal interest: My first awareness of racial identity and diversity occurred when I was in Year 3. Having being raised acknowledging acceptance of people of racial or cultural difference my thoughts of children of colour were positive and impartial. However, one day a boy in my class of Sri Lankan descent got into trouble with another student, but only the Sri Lankan boy was asked to go to the principal’s office. During our lunch break he came over to a group of us and told us that he thought he was the one that got into trouble ‘because he was ‘black’’. I remember thinking to myself, ‘why would he get into trouble just because he was black? ’ It was in fact that both boys went to the principal’s office, just on separate occasions. This was my first memory of someone thinking that they were being singled out or getting into trouble due to belief of skin colour dissimilarity and racial stereotypes. I’ve been aware of racial diversity ever since. Now that I have an opportunity to be a part of children’s learning and development I want to learn more about diversity and make a difference in children’s perspectives of themselves and others. Discussion: As educators in early childhood, it is crucial that we acknowledge and respect that children’s personal, family and cultural histories shape their learning and development. The increase in racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity in educational centres is reflected in many early childhood classrooms. Although the diverse composition of early childhood classrooms may bring challenges, it also introduces many opportunities for educators, parents, and children as we need to value and appreciate difference and variety as a positive attribute in all educational and social environments (Ashman and Elkins 2008). As adults, being ‘different’ is a decision to make a personal statement; such as deciding to change a hairstyle, get a tattoo or by wearing alternative clothing. It is one thing to be different by choice, and another for a child to discern themselves as being different based on their physical features, cultural of religious differences. One of the most stimulating aspects of early education is observing and supporting young children as they develop their individual identities. This development takes place within different social contexts where issues relating to human diversity and difference impact significantly on children’s understandings and ways of being in the world. Arguably, our education begins when we are first able to detect causes and consequences, and continue to form the basis of our identity, behaviours and knowledge of the world around us. Glover (1991) in the early 1990s found that as 2-3 year old children became aware of difference they simultaneously develop positive and negative feelings about the differences they observe. For example, racial awareness impacts on their perceptions of skin colour and on their preferences in the social relationships they initiate and foster with other children. An Australian study conducted by Palmer (1990) exemplifies how preschool children were able to make negative judgements based on racial characteristics of young Aboriginal children. Children were reportedly saying ‘You’re the colour of poo†¦ Did your mum drop you in the poo? ’ This observation suggests that children as young as 2 years old are becoming aware of diversity and differences of others, and these judgements children are making are often affecting their ability to make sound judgements of others as their perceptions of reality are distorted. Although Palmers study was conducted in 1990, there has been a significant increase in racial awareness since the 1980s of the importance of early childhood education policies, practices and curriculum aiming to positively reflect the diverse cultural identities of children and their families. Today, the embracing of children’s lives is a central focus of the different philosophies which foster early childhood education in Western society, such as the ‘anti-bias curriculum’ which emerged from the United States (Derman-Sparks and the A. B. C. Task Force, stated in Robinson 2006 p 2) and also in the perspectives of Reggio Emilia. In Australia there has been a broadening of cultural influences which has been referred to by Ashman (2008) as ‘the cultural mosaic’, which refers to those who have migrated maintain their homeland traditions while embracing the new norms, values and practices within the country. Furthermore data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) show that around 25% of Australians were born in other countries, nearly half the population has direct links with relatives born overseas, and over 2. 5 million people speak a language other than English at home, which should clearly illustrate to educators that learning developmental experiences need to be appropriate for multicultural children to be involved in. As stated by Robinson (2006), the early childhood years are fundamental years in the growth and development of a child’s cognition, language, social, emotional and physical competence. Early childhood educators are in an ideal position to make a positive difference in the lives of children and their families. My emerging philosophy would be to teach children to be critical thinkers specifically about prejudice and discrimination to encourage children to develop the skills to identify when something they have said or done is unfair of hurtful to another. Also to model the behaviours and attitudes I would want children to develop, particularly in situations that can either promote prejudice or inhibit a child’s openness to diversity. Furthermore, I would aim to expose children to role models from their own culture as well as to those from other cultures to encourage appreciation of their own cultural identity, as well as different cultures. As professionals who work with families, our willingness to talk openly about identity and to help foster a positive sense of self in children can make an enormous difference in affirming the rich diversity within our community and help children form bridges across cultures and traditions. The more that children have a solid grounding and understanding about who they are and where they came from, the more they learn to value differences of cultures different from their own, and the closer we get to building a world of respect of multicultural differences. Ashman, A F, Elkins J 2008, ‘Education for Inclusion and Diversity’, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Davis, B M 2009, ‘The Biracial and Multicultural Student Experience: a journey to racial literacy’, Corwin, Sage Ltd, USA. Glover, A 1991, ‘Young children and race: a report of a study of two and three year olds’, Australian Catholic University, Sydney. Pulido-Tobiassen, D, Gonzalez-Mena, J 2005, ‘Learning to Appreciate Differences’, Early Childhood Today, vol. 20, issue 3, viewed 2 April 2011, retrieved from Victoria University Database. Robinson, K 2006, ‘Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education’, Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow, viewed 1 April 2011, retrieved from Ebrary database.

Stratetgic Management Report On Loreal

Stratetgic Management Report On Loreal LOreal was started by Eugene Schueller who was a French chemist who came out with a bright idea of hair colour formula Aureole. He was so innovative that he created his own products and sell it to Parisian hairdressers. The company was enrolled in 1909. Gradually he took off the market with his latest product which coloured the hair properly. It was in 1939, when the whole team named the company LOreal and constructed the headquarters in Paris. The headquarters were highly equipped with the latest technologies and machines. The experimenters had a great time working in the laboratories which made beauty products In terms of research and development LOreal every year promotes 100 of new formulas and almost 500 patents. The company is said to be the dean in the research patterns in the cosmetic company. The famous slogan because I m worth it was first started in 1971 in the United States the better sales of the hair colours which LOreal produced. Today it has almost 500 manufacturing plants all over the world which is operating in a very fast pace. Because I m worth it has become the tagline for LOreal which is known across the globe in different languages. Strategic Profile SWOT Analysis Talking about our strength LOreal has the best brand image till date. It has 586 patents for research and development. Products which are produced are very diversified and not to forget it has a very strong corporate social responsibility policy. While we talk about the opportunities LOreal has a very good chance of emerging with different market in developing countries. As we all know that everyone today is skin conscious thats the reason why cosmetic market is a boom and if LOreal makes the best out of this than they are a hit in the industry. There are few threats that LOreal might face are the upcoming local players which are emerging in the new market expansion. Brand cannibalization is also the biggest threat for LOreal in this competitive world. PORTERS FIVE FORCES Porter has stated five different competitive forces that every industry uses for the good profit of the organization. The combined effort of all five forces will help the industry to go on a profit margin. He has also stated that these five forces bring stability in any organization. The capacity of the buyers at LOreal is very high because there are number of products and every organization is trying their best to please the customers with their service. At loreal the bargaining power of the dealers are really low because LOreal has achievements of brand. It always has a long term and active relationship with the dealers. Destruction clash in any of the beauty industry is expected. They are a lot of cosmetic company which are trying to come up to LOreals position but the most dominant competitor are Unilever and Procton and Gamble. The threat of new company coming up is very less because it is really hard for any company to start up from the scratch and come up to the worlds largest giant in no time . PEST ANALYSIS Every organization must follow some strategy for their growth and existence in the business. LOreal also follows the PEST analysis because they believe that it will help the business to run smoothly in the present and future. Political Analysis As we all know that LOreal is a giant multinational company which has been spread out to different countries. So the set of rules, laws, legislation and business practices differ from one country to another and the company must follow the law of the country they operate in. Economical Analysis Today the economical status of any country are a little on the lower side so LOreal may see a lack of consumer demand on their products and the company has to follow the government plan to make the companies economy a little high. Social Analysis We have seen LOreals advertisements always done by some celebrities so that might cause problem for LOreal because the ordinary people think that celebrities are just doing those advertisements for popularity or for money. Technological Analysis As we all know that the world today operates in a very high technology world so LOreal also needs to keep up to the change in order to make a market position in the mind of consumers. Strategic Position: Strategic Capabilities Physical Resources: LOreal produces all types of cosmetics products for both men and women. It is a very fast growing company which plans to open more outlets in India. Till date LOreal has always done good sales at every part of the world where they have retail stores. Financial resources: LOreal sales for the year 2011 were 20.3 billons and 613 patents were filed. Human resources: LOreal has 60,000 employees from all across the world. The company looks for employees who are willing to live up to the brand standards and expectation. They also want the employees to be assets for the brand in the future and most importantly raise the profit margin for the company. Core Competencies: The most important core competency of LOreal is its product innovation. LOreal is always looking for that extra something in their product. The company devotes the maximum time in research and development. The products which finally come out have gone through a lot of research because LOreal believes in research a lot. The Strategic Position: Strategic Purpose Vision LOreal wants to be a company which is environment friendly and a company which is economically successful. And a workplace where employees love to work in harmony. Mission The companys mission is to produce products which will be liked and accepted by all the new and old customers. It wishes to be a brand which will be every ones choice starting from youngsters to old generation ladies. Corporate Social Responsibility LOreal is listed as one of the Top 50 Socially Responsible Corporations, according to Mecleans.Ca in June 2010 (Top 50 Socially Responsible Corporation). LOreal is devoted to an eco-responsible work model and is courteous of their social and environmental responsibilities. LOreal has showcased that they are committed to being socially responsible, by aiding HIV/AIDS awareness, coining safe and environmentally friendly manufacturing plants and their endless commitment of making efforts to go green has directed to the construction of environmentally free from harm goods. They are even working on discarding animal testing is one of their main goals. At the end, providing growth opportunity and advocating female leaders within the organization and their dedication to women in science are few ways LOreal flaunts their oath to social responsibility. (By Litmissme Mar 2012) Value Chain Analysis Value chain analysis is a very important tool in any organization to function properly. It helps to describe the machines, equipments, money and people but only the proper and effective use of all this resources will help activities that are taking place in or around the organization. All companies have the company to produce a product and please the customers. Inbound logistics Arranging the scope of products of sales outlets and promising continuing customers comfort there is an important goal of LOreal. In this aspect, logistics group regularly collude with suppliers to boost the companys shared performance in the field in a deep rooted manner. (www.loreal.com) As one of the leading brands in the cosmetics and beauty industry, LOreal USA is aware that customer loyalty is planted on trust and corporate responsibility. From goods quality to sustainability acts to supply chain security, LOreal is devoted to living up to customer expectations. As part of that commitment to safety and in its role as a large-volume shipper, LOreal lately brought about an innovative carrier-vetting program that helps to ensure that it uses only safe contract carriers to haul its freight. (By Cindy H.Dubin Oct 2011) Operations In this step the raw materials are gathered together and a product is formed. LOreal has 37 cosmetic plants each one has a very different technology. LOreals policy is to produce products very close to the market so that they can have good relation with the suppliers. (Anon., n.d.) Outbound Logistics In this stage the products which are produced in the manufacturing plants are delivered to retailers, suppliers, different outlets and the customers. LOreal has different manufacturing plants in different countries so if they have to send products to other regions than they normally use transportation. Marketing and sales In this stage the products are ready to be sold out to customers so the company makes different marketing scheme to sell the product. This is what LOreal states Creativity is the air we breathe it nourishes our inspiration and shapes our ideas, enabling us to launch 500 new products every year. At LOreal, marketing which fine-tunes these ideas is right at the heart of our strategy. (Anon., n.d.) Services In this stage the company looks into the after service of the products. LOreal particularly does not have any after service but they make sure that the customers go back home with a smile on their face with their products. Procurement In this stage the company purchases raw materials for business at the best price they can. LOreal thinks that exchanging is the best procurement to keep the company running. (smith, n.d.) Technology Development LOreal has a very good technology department at their company. In todays competitive world internet is a must for all employees at work at all times. Technology can be used in many ways and LOreal is also using high end technology to produce their products. Human resource management In this stage the company has to recruit, train and develop the right people for the organization to run smoothly. LOreal looks for someone who is right for the organization because that person has to work with 60,000 employees of more than 100 nationalities. The HR department at LOreal looks for someone who will respect the organizations value and ethics with time. (Anon., n.d.) Firm Infrastructure In order to run properly for any organization the management team should be very good. The infrastructure of the organization should also be strong. LOreal has a very strong organizational chart which is headed by the chairperson than 4 managing directors for different market segments and other stakeholders. Corporate Level Strategy Everyone has always seen LOreal as one of the glamorous, glittery and the most wanted brands of cosmetics in the world. Far away from the cosmetic counters, LOreal is walking the walk when it comes to its corporate values of diversity, innovation and individual talent. (Anon., 2008) Business Level Strategy In this level the company makes policies on how to make their product more friendly to the customers and become consumers best choice. Likewise LOreal targets to gain 1 billon consumers by 2020. The company is really working hard to make this happen. For example LOreal has been expanding its market to developing countries like Mexico and India where the purchasing power of the consumers are really high and the company is going at the right track to achieve its target. LOreal has also looked upon the grooming part of men these days. They have been promoting different products through social media and amazingly the products are being purchased at a good scale. And the most recent innovation that LOreal is focusing is they have put forwarded a deal to buy the makeup brand Urban Decay. Critical Theme The process of transforming any idea or thought into a products which is valued or the customers are ready to pay for is known as innovation. (Anon., n.d.) Innovation plays a very important role in the growth and well being of a business. Innovation in a company improves every department in a positive way. Innovation is not necessary to be a big one it can be a small one but has to be effective and a good one for the company. Innovation at LOreal is happening every now and then. The company has a different department for innovation and research. LOreal is successful in innovations because they are able to achieve both long term and short term goals. (mturilin, 2009) Customer Perspective For the smooth running of any company or organization the customers wants, needs and wishes should be looked after. If the wants and needs of the customers are not meet than there is no use of spending so much to produce any products. Before manufacturing any product a market research should be done in order to be aware of the demand of the buyers. The team at LOreal is very particular about the wants and needs of the market. They always do a market research before any product is launched. Conclusion We can without any doubt say that LOreal is the top cosmetic brand in the world today because it has used all the necessary strategies and policies which help in the wellbeing of the organization. It has a lot of innovative skills because of the employees from different parts of the world who have come together as a team and worked together to achieve that target for the organization. LOreal is the right choice for every lady all across the globe. It is very vast and the product ranges from hair colours to nail polish at any retail outlets across the road.

David And Hamlet :: essays research papers

Hamlet and David  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Hamlet and The Mountain and the Valley, both literary pieces present us with two melancholic characters who live in conflict due to the dichotomy of their natures . Both Hamlet and David are similar because they are conflicted by foils and similar in the nature of this tragedy. Each has deep inner problems of conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet is first tormented by the death of his father, the king of Denmark. Then he is cast into utter agony when Gertrude, the mother he loves dearly is hastily married to his uncle, Claudius. Through a ghostly revelation, Hamlet learns that his suspicions that Claudius murdered his father are true. He becomes incensed and wants to enact revenge upon the guilty party. From this point on, Hamlet struggles with his plan for revenge that conflicts with his opposite contemplative nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet does not take the opportunity to slay Claudius as he prays because he believes it will save his soul. His contemplative nature takes over regarding the ghost’s revelation and he decides to devise a play to pique Claudius’ conscience and make sure he is really guilty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whenever Hamlet denies his true nature, his actions are very harsh. During a heated discussion with his mother Gertrude, he accidentally slays Laertes’ father, Polonius, thinking it to be Claudius. Hamlet quickly brushes it aside. He also sends his friends , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to their deaths when he learns of Claudius’ plot to have him put to death when he arrived in England as a so called diplomat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet cannot decide between a life of action and revenge, or contemplation and fate and he is genuinely concerned with the deeper truths upon which his life is ordered- fate and freewill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernest Buckler portrays the life of his main character, David Canaan, in conflict, through a slow moving metaphor from the valley to the mountain. David is a deeply intellectual character and like Hamlet has a conflicted dichotomous nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of his difficulties arise from the death of his girlfriend Effie. He feels guilty and responsible for. Also, when his friend Toby comes to the valley for the first time, David is torn between making Toby feel comfortable, while at the same time trying to avoid hurting his family’s feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  David also feels separate from Joseph, his father, and Chris, his brother, who are much different from him. David is inflicted with an emotional and physical scar which is never healed because of an incident with Chris .

Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

OF MICE AND MEN Should George have shot his friend Lennie? George probably did the right thing by shooting Lennie. How can we condemn George for sparing his friend Lennie the pain and fear of being killed by someone else? He did something society sees as wrong, but he did it for a good reason. Lennie didn’t deserve to die, but there was no other alternative. Curley wanted to kill Lennie, and since George cared for Lennie, he figured the best thing would be for him to put Lennie out of his misery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lennie deserved to be punished for what he did, but not to be killed. Lennie was a handicapped person with below average intelligence. He didn’t really understand what he had done, but he didn’t really fit into society either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Curley and the others were looking for Lennie and wanted to exterminate him; they were angry and hated Lennie. If Curley would have found Lennie, he would have shot him. But that way, Lennie would have died afraid and sad. His death would have been very violent. George knew this and that’s why he did what he did. George also knew that Lennie had dug a hole for himself and could never get out. He knew they were looking for Lennie and wouldn’t stop until they killed him. He decided to do it himself in the kindest way he could. It’s like when Candy said about his dog, “I should of shot that dog myself.'; meaning it would have been kinder to the dog. Lennie was lying down, facing away from George and didn’t know he was going to be shot. He didn’t know what was going to happen, just like Candy’s dog.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Murder is never the right answer, but George didn’t really commit murder.

Is Eminem Right; Music in Today Society

Is Eminem Right? In the essay Eminem is Right , there is a lot of discussion about the links between the music that our teens listen to and the amount of violence and rebellion that is occurring. The teens of today have enshrined a new generation of music idols who share generational signatures in song after song is to rage about what not having a nuclear family has done to them (Eberstadt 251). Broken homes, family dysfunction, checked out parents and (especially) absent fathers , all have a big effect on today’s youth and these are the things our generation sings about and listens to (Eberstadt 251).The songs and problems that these various artist sing about are legitimate problems not only in their childhood, but in the millions of American teens current childhood. Parents are early offended by the lyrics of the singers, because children know when they are from a broken home and they do rebel and get upset with their families. Eminem openly sings about his life to make mone y, but what he sings is true about a lot of teens and he knows this. He targets Baltus 2 them with his songs, because they make those kids feel less alone.Comparing the song Successful by Drake is a great way to show an artist who grew up listening to Eminem and that generation of music. He sings about him rising to the top and how he sings about his family and how he couldn’t of gotten where he was if it wasn’t for a few things that happened in his life. He sings about his mother running away from home and leaving him and his siblings, but he left something in the car and caught her before she was out of the driveway. He sings that they stood there and cried, because she couldn’t handle it without a man in their life.Drake sings that he then became the â€Å"phantom† meaning his father. Drake sings about how all his friends are back at home, while he became successful. He sings â€Å" †¦ and when I leave I always come right back here, the young rap per that everyone in rap fear, a lot of you all still soundin’ like last year, the game has changed and I’m the mother f***ing cashier†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Successful). He then goes on and sings about how the money, cars and clothes don’t make him happy, his rapping to others and singing his â€Å"song† is what its about.The chorus for this song is; Baltus 3 â€Å"I want the money, money and the cars, cars And the clothes, the hoes I suppose I just want to be, I just want to be successful I just want to be, I just want to be successful I just want to be, I just want to be successful† The chorus shows the conflicted side of the artist and that he really wants to sing to relate to his fans. He also sings about how he wants things to go his way but they never seem to. When comparing this song and the many songs that Eminem has wrote they conflict and agree in many ways.All Eminem feels is hate for his mother and his non existing father. He sings about adornm ent and abuse, but fails to see that not all children who listen to his music feel the same way that he does. He didn’t handle it in the best way and now he is yelling and targeting parents for not even being parents. The song Successful sings about the same problems but not in an angry way or in a way that is leading the youth of today into a violent rage or making them commit crimes against there parents.Even though the music these days is violent and vulgar it shouldn’t be the main blame of today’s youths misbehaviors and rebellion. Nowadays parents are way to easy Baltus 4 to put blame on anyone but themselves. Yes, music is a big part of today’s youth but it can only influence to a certain point, then it’s up to that child or their parents to decide what they make of the songs. As a parent you teach your children to do right by themselves and you, so really once you let them into the world you just hope that you taught them well, and hope they follow your example.In the song Successful there are points in the song where Drake sings that he made his life the way it is, no one else lived the life he did. Eminem sings about abandonment, and being abused, and in return he sings about beating his mom and even in a few songs sighs about beating his ex wife. The constant aggression in his songs is very noticeable, but it doesn’t mean that all children or teens that listen to his songs feel that same aggression that he does. The way children act and interact isn’t influenced by the music and by the lyrics that many singers sing, its mainly there upbringing.If parents teach their children the right values and the right way of seeing things from someone else point of view, then there children shouldn’t feel the need to be aggressive towards there parents. All a child wants, is to make their parents happy and if you praise them for their good behavior then they will continue the same behavior, but if you only g ive them attention when they Baltus 5 misbehave, then they may associate bad behavior with â€Å"praise† or attention.This is a bad way to get attention, but like a lot of Eminems songs, parents aren’t there to give normal amount of praise. Concluding that it’s more likely that parents cause bad behavior than the songs of popular rappers and singers, only because most children want to be given attention and be included in there parents lives. In arguing the point if Eminem is right or wrong, a lot of good arguments arise and tare down the argument that Eminem is influencing our children to cause havoc and disorderly conduct.

Contract Law Free on Board Fob Cif

In this case study, Patina is the seller and Luca is the buyer under an FOB (Free on Board) agreement. General picture of a FOB contract can be congregated from the case of Wimble & Sons v Rosenberg & Sons which describes it as a contract for the sale of goods where the seller which in this case is Patina who agrees to deliver the goods over the ship’s rail and the buyer or Luca in this stance agrees to convey it overseas. According to English law, the case of Pyrene v Scindia defines a classic FOB contract which has occurred in this case study between Patina and Luca as the seller (Patina) draws up the contract with Luca who then nominates a vessel. If the buyer in a FOB agreement fails to nominate a ship within the actual contracted time then the contract may stand effectively repudiated. The seller or Patina in this case would have been legally allowed to sell goods to a third party thus recovering any losses from the buyer. The Incoterms definition of a FOB is basically deprived of the seller being the shipper or transporter of the goods and the buyer’s duty is to nominate a vessel as it is described in Pyrene’s case. The main issue in this case is the transfer of risk from the seller (Patina) towards the seller (Luca). And furthermore it will be argued in regard to case law and statues. According to an FOB agreement, risk is transferred at the point where the goods cross the ‘ships rail’. Plaintiff in the case of Pyrene & Co v Scindia Steam Navigation Co sued the defendant carrier and was victorious in recovering damages of ? 00 as the defendant was found to be liable as he showed negligence while loading the goods and therefore the goods were damaged when they reached the plaintiff. Develin J in Pyrene’s case judged that the liability of negligence would extend to cover up damages if the goods are damaged during the process of loading either side of the ship’s rail. This was the point in English law where the problem of risk bearing arose as it was difficult to decide if the goods lean back over the ships rail and fall on the dock. In an FOB contract, goods which have passed the ships rail and are then damaged then the buyer is responsible for all the loss or damage even if the goods fall on the deck but if the goods fall on the wharf or water then the seller has to bears the losses. Conflicts basically arise when both the parties fail to understand the workings of the ‘ship’s rail’ concept. Case of Thermo Engineers Ltd v Ferry Masters Limited explains this concept perfectly. The facts of this case were that an English seller of a heat exchanger decides to enter in a FOB agreement with a buyer located in Denmark’s city of Copenhagen. The heat exchanger was carried by trailer onto the vessel which had a damaged lower deck. The damage was covered by the high calibre of the Hague-Visby rules as they provide that the carrier is only liable from the point where the goods are loaded on the ships and as the trailer had crossed the rails of the ship when the damage was done which relieved the burden of risk from road provisions authority which would have been liable if the damage would have occurred prior to the crossing of the ship’s rail. Due to uncertainty a new term of FCA (Free carrier) Incoterm was developed in order to provide an alternative to FOB. This was one of the major developments in International Trade Law after 1936 when Incoterms were first introduced to define costs, risks and obligations of buyers and sellers in International transactions. Legal duties of Patina under a classic FOB contract are to ship goods of contractual description at port of shipment. Section 13 of the Sale of goods act 1979 provides that the goods should correspond to the description which is present in the contract. Accordingly to Section 15A of Sale of goods act 1979, a breach if there is minor and a breach of warranty rather than a breach of condition. Thus does not allow the buyer to reject the goods. Seller’s delivery to the shipment place is a condition and if Patina would have delivered to a different place then Luca would have been legally allowed to claim damages. Another duty of a seller or Patina in this case is to pay handling and transportation costs. This includes the cost of loading and stevedoring. It’s the duty of Luca to make arrangements for shipping and therefore communication in this instance is important as a seller is instructed by the buyer to ship the goods within the time frame stated by the buyer. On the other hand when the goods are loaded the buyer should be informed by the seller of the shipment under S32 (3) of the Sale of goods act 1979, however this section does not impose any liability if Patina failed to notify Luca’s of the shipment. After the judgment by Buckley LJ in the case of Wimble, Sons and Co Ltd v Rosenberg and Sons it was decided that section S32(3) of the Sale of goods act 1979 would never apply to a FOB contracts. Remedies available for Patina provided by the Sale of goods act 1979 is that Luca’s can be sued on the grounds of non payment or for damages for non-acceptance. It is duty of a buyer which in this case is Luca’s to make payments to Patina for the goods upon passing of the ship’s rail under a FOB. Luca can obtain damages for defective goods or for the whole delivery if the goods are not of satisfactory quality stated in the contract description. If Patina has retained the bill of lading then the risk will nevertheless pass when the goods cross the ship’s rail. One important difference in English law and Incoterms 2000 is that Incoterms have much clearer rules as who is responsible for obtaining an export license. It is legal duty of Patina to ship goods of contract description, prepare invoices and to have check, pack, mark and delivers the goods but the packing was ripped of some goods which reached Luca so Patina can be legally bound to pay damages. Section 35A (b) of the sale of goods acts provides that ‘if the buyer accepts some of the goods, including, where there are any goods unaffected by breach, all such goods, he does not by accepting them lose his right to reject the rest. Luca’s can only reject defective goods not whole consignment or when the difference in quantity is least as stated in section 30 of the sale of goods act 1979. United Nations convention on contracts for the International sale of goods article 66 provides that any loss or damage after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge Luca’s from his obligation to pay the price, unless the damage or loss is due to an act or omission of the seller. According to article 68 of the same convention, if Patina was aware of the damage or loss to the goods at that time but does not disclose to the buyer then Patina can be liable for the damage to the goods. Article 74 inform of the damages available to the injured party. Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Article 77 allows reduction in damages if the party relying on a breach of contract is not able to take reasonable measures in order to mitigate a loss. Article 79 further strengthens Patina’s legal position and as it allows exemptions to those seller who can prove that the damage to goods were beyond their control or have been able to avoid it. In this case an objective consideration would have been taken into account. Luca’s should inform Patina of any lack of conformity within a reasonable time and no later than two years after he receives goods. If a breach is found to be a fundamental one than Patina can be deprived from what it expected to receive under the contract. The convention therefore would not have been forceful in forcing a claim which was not known to the seller or Patina and the contract then would have been frustrated rather than breached. If Luca’s decides to return the goods than benefits deprived must be accountable. Word count: 1443 words Bibliography * Murray, Dixon, Timson-Hunt, Holloway, (2007), Schmitthoff’s Export Trade, 11th Edition Sweet & Maxwell ISBN:Â  9780421893207 * Carr, I, (2009), Principles of International Trade Law, 4th Edition, Cavendish Publishing Ltd * Chuah, J, (2009), Law of International Trade, 4th Edition, Sweet & Maxwell Ltd * Dockray, M, Cases and Materials on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 3rd ed. , Cavendish Publishing Ltd 2004 * Wilson, J, Carriage of Goods by Sea, 6th ed. , Pitman 2007 * Sale of Goods Act 1979 (amended) * Incoterms 1990 & 2000

Prison Break Essay

Prison break is an American television series just entering the second season. It is a drama series set around a prison. This five star thriller is based in a prison named Fox River. The masterminded character, Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller) is the main actor in this series. He plays as a structural engineer, this comes in handy when he plans to break out his step brother Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell), also acted as Drake in â€Å"Blade Trinity† out of prison. Lincoln Burrows (Purcell) is the only family he has, and is on death row, convicted of the murder of the vice president’s brother. In actual fact, the vice presidents brother is hiding. This scheme was set up by the vice president herself and her right hand man, working with the secret service agent Paul Kellerman. (Paul Adelstein) Lawyer Veronica Donovan (Robin Tunney) investigates a conspiracy that takes place indicating that Lincoln Burrows was framed for the murder. The evidence was destroyed and Veronica could not get Lincoln exonerated. When a date was set for the execution of Lincoln, Michael has to think fast about how he is going to execute this plan. He has plans of the prison tattooed all over his body. These blueprints are camouflaged by artwork of devils and angels and so not anyone can see it and understand it apart from him. Any phrases or important words would be tattooed backwards or inverted and only could be recognized seeing it through a mirror. He deliberately robs a bank firing a gunshot on the ceiling to acquire maximum security and gets caught intentionally and gets sent to the same prison as his brother. The action inside the prison is full of suspense as the series continues. Michael has to persuade several other prisoners who are important for this escape to happen. Predictably other prisoners acknowledge that there is a scheme going on and they have to be part of the escape for obvious reasons. Psychopath Theodore Bagwell (Robert Knepper) known as T-Bag as his nickname, is a perfect example of why this show is so great. His character is a murder and rapist. His emetic performance is what gets the viewers gripped. Throughout the series there is another plot of what’s happening outside the walls. Veronica is working hard to end this conspiracy or to delay the execution. This is not an easy task as she is fighting against the government. The second season is when the cons are on the run. Fernando Sucre, Benjamin Franklin, John Abruzzi, Theodore T-bag Bagwell, Charles Patoshik, David Apolskis, Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows are the â€Å"Fox River 8 MOST WANTED MEN IN AMERICA†. The phrase â€Å"MOST WANTED† sums up the feelings of how the cops would really like to catch them. After the breakout the cons make their way to the airstrip to board a plane that should wait there to pick them up. The plane was unknown and identified by an inspector. The pilot had to leave the cons behind after being suspicious. This is a difficult situation for Scofield and the viewers are worried that the fugitives will be apprehended. He proves his intelligence by having a plan B if they never made it to the airstrip. They all go their different ways to uncover five millions dollars buried in Utah by an inmate that was killed in Fox River. The break out becomes a Federal matter and FBI’s have to get involved. Special conniving agent FBI Alexander Mahone (William Fitchtner) is at almost the same intelligence as Scofield and is a real obstacle for him. This undeniable amazing series caught over ten million viewers. Brett Ratner, the director of Prison Break has turned famous after directing the best series with the highest ratings. On www. reviewit. com, 10,000 blogs show the people love the excitement and the suspense they get watching this series. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source

A Secondary Source The Science of Electricity How Electricity is Generated/Made The Transformer – Moving Electricity Measuring Electricity energy calculator links page recent statistics A SECONDARY SOURCE Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable or non-renewable. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. Thomas Edison helped change everyone's life — he perfected his invention — the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. Despite its great importance in our daily lives, most of us rarely stop to think what life would be like without electricity. Yet like air and water, we tend to take electricity for granted. Everyday, we use electricity to do many jobs for us — from lighting and heating/cooling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the applications of heat, light and power. THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY developed by the National Energy Education Development Project In order to understand how electric charge moves from one atom to another, we need to know something about atoms. Everything in the universe is made of atoms—every star, every tree, every animal. The human body is made of atoms. Air and water are, too. Atoms are the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin around the nucleus in shells a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball, the atom would be the size of the Empire State Building. Atoms are mostly empty space. If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a tiny center of balls surrounded by giant invisible bubbles (or shells). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly spinning and moving to stay as far away from each other as possible. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force. The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both carry an electrical charge. An electrical charge is a force within the particle. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a negative charge (-). The positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges attract each other. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons. Every atom of carbon has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually remain a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell closest to the nucleus can hold two electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even more. Some atoms with many protons can have as many as seven shells with electrons in them. The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a strong force of attraction to the protons. Sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not. These electrons can be pushed out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These moving electrons are electricity. STATIC ELECTRICITY Electricity has been moving in the world forever. Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one cloud to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground. Have you ever felt a shock when you touched an object after walking across a carpet? A stream of electrons jumped to you from that object. This is called static electricity. Have you ever made your hair stand straight up by rubbing a balloon on it? If so, you rubbed some electrons off the balloon. The electrons moved into your hair from the balloon. They tried to get far away from each other by moving to the ends of your hair. They pushed against each other and made your hair move—they repelled each other. Just as opposite charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetic field. Most objects are not magnetic because the atoms are arranged so that the electrons spin in different, random directions, and cancel out each other. Magnets are different; the molecules in magnets are arranged so that the electrons spin in the same direction. This arrangement of atoms creates two poles in a magnet, a Northseeking pole and a South-seeking pole. Bar Magnet A magnet is labeled with North (N) and South (S) poles. The magnetic force in a magnet flows from the North pole to the South pole. This creates a magnetic field around a magnet. Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They don’t act like most objects. If you try to push the South poles together, they repel each other. Two North poles also repel each other. Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles are attracted to each other. The magnets come together with a strong force. Just like protons and electrons, opposites attract. These special properties of magnets can be used to make electricity. Moving magnetic fields can pull and push electrons. Some metals, like copper have electrons that are loosely held. They can be pushed from their shells by moving magnets. Magnets and wire are used together in electric generators. BATTERIES PRODUCE ELECTRICITY A battery produces electricity using two different metals in a chemical solution. A chemical reaction between the metals and the chemicals frees more electrons in one metal than in the other. One end of the battery is attached to one of the metals; the other end is attached to the other metal. The end that frees more electrons develops a positive charge and the other end develops a negative charge. If a wire is attached from one end of the battery to the other, electrons flow through the wire to balance the electrical charge. A load is a device that does work or performs a job. If a load––such as a lightbulb––is placed along the wire, the electricity can do work as it flows through the wire. In the picture above, electrons flow from the negative end of the battery through the wire to the lightbulb. The electricity flows through the wire in the lightbulb and back to the battery. ELECTRICITY TRAVELS IN CIRCUITS Electricity travels in closed loops, or circuits (from the word circle). It must have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the electrons cannot flow. When we flip on a light switch, we close a circuit. The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit. No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motors—in washers or mixers. Electricity does a lot of work for us. We use it many times each day. HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagnet—a magnet produced by electricity—not a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft. When the electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of the wire coil. Each section of the wire becomes a small, separate electric conductor. The small currents of individual sections are added together to form one large current. This current is the electric power that is transmitted from the power company to the consumer. An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to generate electricity. Steam turbines, internalcombustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity. Most power plants are about 35 percent efficient. That means that for every 100 units of energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to usable electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in steam turbines. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against which steam is forced, thus rotating the shaft connected to the generator. In a fossil-fueled steam turbine, the fuel is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produce steam. Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are burned in large furnaces to heat water to make steam that in turn pushes on the blades of a turbine. Did you know that most electricity generated in the United State comes from burning coal? In 2007, nearly half (48. 5%) of the country's 4. 1 trillion kilowatthours of electricity used coal as its source of energy. Natural gas, in addition to being burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate electricity. Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in high demand. In 2007, 21. 6% of the nation's electricity was fueled by natural gas. Petroleum can also be used to make steam to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate about two percent (2%) of all electricity generated in U. S. electricity plants in 2007. Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process called nuclear fission. In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched uranium. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a chain reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate 19. 4% of all the country's electricity in 2007. Hydropower, the source for 5. % of U. S. electricity generation in 2007, is a process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic types of hydroelectric systems that produce electricity. In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turb ine blades to drive the generator to produce electricity. In the second system, called run-of-river, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity. Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried beneath the surface of the earth. In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat underground water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the country in 2007. Solar power is derived from the energy of the sun. However, the sun's energy is not available full-time and it is widely scattered. The processes used to produce electricity using the sun's energy have historically been more expensive than using conventional fossil fuels. Photovoltaic conversion generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar-thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines. In 2007, less than 1% of the nation's electricity was based on solar power. Wind power is derived from the conversion of the energy contained in wind into electricity. Wind power, less than 1% of the nation's electricity in 2007, is a rapidly growing source of electricity. A wind turbine is similar to a typical wind mill. Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste (garbage), and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and wheat straw. These are some other energy sources for producing electricity. These sources replace fossil fuels in the boiler. The combustion of wood and waste creates steam that is typically used in conventional steam-electric plants. Biomass accounts for about 1% of the electricity generated in the United States. THE TRANSFORMER – MOVING ELECTRICITY To solve the problem of sending electricity over long distances, William Stanley developed a device called a transformer. The transformer allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses located far from the electric generating plant. The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer, which changes electricity from low voltage to high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more efficiently using high voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substations have transformers that change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage electricity. From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to homes, offices and factories, which require low voltage electricity. MEASURING ELECTRICITY Electricity is measured in units of power called watts. It was named to honor James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. One watt is a very small amount of power. It would require nearly 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts. A kilowatthour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000 watts working for one hour. The amount of electricity a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of time is measured in kilowatthours (kWh). Kilowatthours are determined by multiplying the number of kW's required by the number of hours of use. For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb 5 hours a day, you have used 200 watthours, or 0. 2 kilowatthours, of electrical energy. See our Energy Calculator section to learn more about converting units. Last Revised: May 2009 Sources: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2008 . The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2007.