Sunday, January 26, 2020
Microwaves: The History and Development
Microwaves: The History and Development Engineering Report: Microwave Ovenbg Summary This report presents the foundation of microwaves and states the purpose of the report. It will also give detailed background information about the history of the machine. In addition, there will be an explanation towards what it does and why its needed throughout the world as well as its impact on society. Moreover, there will also be a full description of the product to full extent. The description will described; how it looks like, how it works, materials used in the product, how its assembled, how to use it and extra features of the machine. Furthermore, two drawings will be present in the report that includes isometric and orthographic, which have full measurements and angles drawn as accurate as possible. Following this, an analysis will also display how the appliances components, sustainability, choice of materials and how well it functions will be critically researched and analysed to how effective they are and if theres any room for improvement. Next, there will be e xtra photos of the product as well as any other extensive information about it. Adding to that, will be full descriptive recommendation of how it could be improved and conclusion covering up between the old and new product as well its major contribution towards the modern world. Lastly, there will be complete harved references to show where informations was research from. 1.0 Introduction 1.1: The Purpose of the Report. The purpose of this report is to show the foundation of how microwaves work and how they used throughout the present world. This report will discover the ways they influenced society and will be deconstructed to show all the features of this product. It will also contain calculations and diagrams in order to maximum the full experience to how this product works from the inside. This report will generate systematically to be simpler and will contain critical opinions and judgements on how it could be improved as well as key historical background to the machine. In addition, this report will feature an appendix to display extensive use of research and freehand drawing towards its parts and functions. The purpose of the report will also show the need for this product in the new technological world and will display every capability that it has to full extent. 1.2: Background Information, historical research of this product. The microwave was first invented somewhere in the year 1946 during a radar related research project. Dr Percy Spenser was part of the project but during the investigation found something very unusual. During the project, they were testing out a new vacuum called magnetron when suddenly he realized that the candy bar in his pocket had melted. This inspired the doctor to try out another experiment where he placed popcorn kennels near the tube and watch joyfully as they stated to pop, cracked and sputtered all over his lab. This fascinated the doctor about this unusual discovery and so prompted another experiment the next morning with his colleague. The experiment was placing an egg next to the magnetron and the result was the egg exploding all over the doctors lab. Mr Spenser then came up with a logical scientific experiment; the melted candy bar, the popcorn and egg all had one thing in common they were exposed to low density microwave energy. This conclusion led the d octor that if these foods can be cooked this quickly why others cannot be as well. Dr. Spencer then invented a metal box with an opening into which he fed microwave power. The energy entering the box was unable to escape, therefore creating a higher density electromagnetic field. When the food placed in the box and microwave energy fed in, the temperature of the food increased very rapidly. Dr. Spencer knowingly knew he just designed what was to revolutionize cooking, and form the basis of a multimillion-dollar industry, called the microwave oven and put forward a plan to the Raytheon Corporation to build this machine . Unsurprisingly, in 1954 the Raytheon Corporation produced the first commercial microwave called the 1161 Radarange. It was large, expensive, and had a power of 1600 watts which wasnt very efficient towards people who wont rich. To solve this problem a division of the company named Amana created the first domestic microwave oven in 1967 but sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the ovens relatively expensive price tag, later the concept of quick microwave cooking arrived. In succeeding years, a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of microwave oven units began to decrease and their capabilities expanded as time moved on. 1.3: What does the product do? The microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by heating up the particles inside while exposing it to microwaves from the electromagnetic spectrum. The waves were implemented into the machine where the inventor was experimenting with the it. 1.4: Why is there a need for this product? The microwave oven is one of the most in the important kitchen appliances in the modern day household. It provides the basic needs of everyday life and is important contribution towards the world. The machine delivers the most of what modern technology has as it heats and cooks food instead the old ways of heating them on a stove or on a bonfire. Moreover, the device is also much safer than the stove as it does not get hot when conducted by heat due to the material its made from, which is stainless steel with a coating of acrylic enamel because of its low thermal conductivity. 1.5: Impact on Society The microwave oven has made a significant contribution towards society as it made life easier with a cooking and heating foods at your fingertips. This helps with timesaving and allows to serve individuals within the family at different times when necessary. This is important because it helps many people whom are busy due to the technological world and dont have the needed time to cook food on the stove. In addition, the microwave allows the food to be cooked much cheaper compared to the olds ways as all the components built inside, making life much more simple. This helps many people in the long run with paying the bills and assisting them to pay the more important fees. 2.0 Description 2.1: Describe the product i) What it looks like? The microwave oven is a quick and efficient machine that uses electromagnetic radiation to cook food. This fascinating machine allows people to cook food whenever they are busy or tired after a long day at work. This machines design is a rectangular prism with to vertical and horizontal lines. In addition, it also has a built in light bulb to see how your food is cooking and has a timer whenever its finished. Most microwaves will have three ventilations systems to keep the air in the microwave flowing and is used to take the radiation out. This method is necessary otherwise; the quality of the food will suffer. Moreover, the machine also has a container at the back where it stores up the microwave energy and short circuit where its connected to the cable that is plugged towards the power point. ii) How it works? The microwave is actually quite a simple machine to how it actually works. The inside generator called the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it to high-powered microwaves. These waves then travel through the food compartment and blasted out towards the spinning turntable in order to cook the food evenly. Furthermore, the microwaves then bounce of the reflective metal wall however when these waves meet the food they dont bounce but instead penetrate it and oscillate the molecules within it. Therefore, allowing the food to become hotter and let enjoy your meal. iii) Materials used: The following materials used to make microwaves are: Stainless steel with a coating of acrylic enamel. Ceramic or glass: Electromechanical components  Steel metal: A mixture of cast iron, steel and bronze:  Stainless steel Polymer:  Medium carbon steel Hardened steel  Plastic and Copper wire: Why are these materials used? Material Uses Why? Stainless steel with acrylic enamel Used for the outside layer of the microwave Corrosion Resistance Ductile Low heat absorption Ceramic or glass Used for the cooking surface Corrosion Resistance Insulator Electromechanical components Timer motors, switches and relays Simple mechanics Conductors Steel metal Used to make magnetron tube , the waveguide, capacitor and the stirrer fan Great conductivity Great durability Ductile A mixture of cast iron, steel and bronze Used to make the gears High tensile strength High endurance strength Low coefficient of friction Stainless steel Used to make pulleys High strength Polymer Used to make belts High Strength Medium carbon steel Used to make screws High tensile strength Malleable Hardened steel Used to make washers Wear resistant Brittle Plastic and copper Used to make the cables Great conductivity Silicon Steel Used to make the transformer Magnetic Properties iv) How is it assembled? The process of manufacturing the microwave oven starts with the cavity that creates the microwave radiation. First, the frame is formed using automatic metal-forming presser with all of the other parts already made. The parts then move through a paint operation where the paint is heated up to 300 degrees for 20 minutes and all the parts are coated in paint. Following this, the front door receives a coat of paint and metal plate is attached to its window. The microwave then moves onto the next phase where it obtains the anode cylinder that will provide with its electricity to generate to power. Moreover, a powerful magnet is then put around the cylinder to create an electromagnetic field, creating microwaves. A thermal protector is attached directly on the magnetron to prevent damage to the tube from overheating and causing an explosion. Additionally, an antenna enclosed in a glass tube is mounted on top of the back of the microwave. The waveguide is connected to the magnetron that is a on top of the antenna, while a blower motor is attached directly to the tube. Finally, a plastic fan is attached to the motor. In addition the capacitor and the high voltage transformer are added in as well. The main frame placed on the assembly tray and the cavity is screwed on to the chassis, which is the component that makes all the parts work together. Next, the door is attached to the cavity and chassis. The magnetron tube is bolted to the side of the cavity and the main chassis. The circuit that produces the voltage required to operate the magnetron tube is then mounted directly on the frame, close to the magnetron tube. The stirrer fan is mounted on top of the cavity attached directly to the fan. Following this, the stirrer shield is screwed on top of the fan assembly. The shield prevents dirt and grease from entering the waveguide, where they could produce damage to the magnetron. The relay provides power to the transformer and a timer for the microwave. The relay is mounted close to the power transformer, while the timer is mounted on the control board. Also mounted on the control board are a timer bell that rings when your foods heated and a light bulb that allows viewing of the inside. Furthermore, a number of interlocking switches are secured near the top and bottom of the door area to enable cooking options. A front panel is attached next to the front door. Behind the front panel, the control circuit board is attached. The board, which controls the various programmed operations in their proper sequence when the switches are placed on the front panel, is connected to the various components and the front panel using plug-in sockets and cables. The outer case of the microwave is made of stainless steel metal with coating acrylic enamel and assembled on a roll former. The case is strapped onto the preassembled microwave oven and is bolted in firmly. This finally completes the process and the oven is sent for packaging. v) How to use it? The microwave oven is quite a simple machine to use with basic knowledge of a human being. The machines main purpose is to cook/heat food and requires minimal effort by having a choice of how to do it. There are many options to cook your food such as defrost, fruits, desserts options and many more. When your choice has been made just click the option and the microwave oven does it automatically for you without the need of lighting the gas stove. vi) Features and extra. There known to be three different types of oven that have been used throughout the modern world. The original solo microwave oven, the striking grill microwave oven and the new convention microwave. These microwaves have a different variety of cooking options but use the same basic design with components and little adjustments such as moisture sensors and LED lights. There have also been variations changes to outside layer with it just primarily stainless steel. This design could be viewed as a disadvantage because of its electrical conductivity that wouldnt make it safe and would conduct even more heat that leads to greater chance of the microwave overheating and being significantly damaged. Nevertheless, the microwave is still a great kitchen appliance that has proven itself to be a vital part for the modern world. 4.0 Analysis 4.1: Critical Judgment of the product i) Components The components of the microwave such as the magnetron, relay, motors, gears, capacitor, high voltage transformer, chassis and the cavity all do their job efficiently and effectively. However, they are known to have overheated in microwaves causing health hazards over a long period of time due to the immense amount of radiation. In addition, if the microwave is physically damaged or leaks it may also cause a problem as it has the chance of causing cancer if the insulator is cracked from high chemical exposure. To combat these issues the immense radiation should decrease to stop overheating and the use of less chemicals should be introduced. Overall, most of the components are safe and useful compared to some of the old ones used in the first microwave oven. ii) Materials The materials used in the microwave oven are quite great and work professionally but there a number of significant problems with them. An example of one is the steel used for the components, which may start to corrode after a period of time. This is a major problem as if these components are damaged the microwave may have the potential of permanently shutting down. Moreover, the extensive use of steel may cause the microwave overheating due the high electrical conductivity, which would damage its components . To solve this problems the steel metal should be replaced with less amounts of stainless steel to prone electricity and has high corrosion resistant. iii) Sustainability The microwave oven is a great sustainable kitchen appliance. Their almost no problems that is present towards the natural environment except for the usage power and possible chemical leak. Furthermore, the use in domestic industry is also not much of a problem as they can be placed where people decide especially for seniors who old and fragile. But, this comes to a disadvantage because if microwaves are place within low heights children can play with and cause damage and may even drop it which may lead to high chemical leak if it cracks. In addition, some children could even place a metal object that will likely spark up and cause a fire .The immense radiation may also not be the best suitable options towards kids and seniors as their bodys arent strong enough to take the energy. A new design should come around with there is less radiation used , the containment for the microwave energy should be reinforced with stronger metal and sensors which can detect betw een food and metal objects. iv) How well it Functions? The microwave is an excellent, simple kitchen appliance that requires no work effort but basic human knowledge. The machine almost never lets you down which is why up to 92% of American households have it according to a study conducted in 1994. In addition, the appliance has had improvements over the past 50 years in order for it to be more effectively useful and safe. But, it does need a minor improvement towards the immense radiation and to reinforce the dangerous microwave energy stored in the back, Nevertheless, the microwave oven functions greats with all the components and materials needing slight developments. v) Pros and Cons of the Product Pros Great simple machine with energy efficiency. Lasts for a long period of time. Almost never fails. Portable. Best way to cook food without lighting a gas stove. Keeps all nutrients stored in the food untouched.     Cons The microwave may overheat due to radiation that can cause damage. Not healthy for young children or seniors due to heat radiation. If physically broken, chemical leak may damage cell tissues, which can cause cancer. Components will eventually rust causing major damage towards the machine. 5.0 Appendix 5.1 Drawings and Photos Magnetron                                                                  Inside view High Voltage Transformer                                                         Capacitor                                                         5.2: Extra Relevant Information The microwave oven converts only part of its electrical input into microwave energy. An average consumer microwave oven consumes 1100 W of electricity in producing 700 W of microwave power which has an efficiency of 64%. The other 400 W is used as heat mostly in the magnetron tube. In addition, any wasted heat or any microwave radiation is sent out through the cooling vents. Additional power is used to operate the lamps; AC power transformer, magnetron-cooling fan; food turntable motor and the control circuits, which only need about 100 W to all operate. In addition, the microwave oven also uses less energy compared to the gas stove due to all major components already built in. Therefore, the microwave oven is not only cheaper than a gas stove but also uses less energy that could be life-saving towards many people who have to pay more important bills. 6.0 Recommendations/Conclusions 6.1: Recommendations The first recommendation I will make is for the type of material used in the components to be changed as most of them are made from steel metal. This metal is a great option to conduct electricity but over time, it will corrode and cause a major damaged towards the microwave oven. To solve the problem I will recommend is to replace the steel metal with stainless steel as its corrosion resistance. Therefore, allowing it to last much longer. The second recommendation that should be designed into the machine is less radiation used in the microwave. Microwave energy is not harmful but people such as seniors or young children may not be able to take the amount of heat present. In addition, even sometimes the immense radiation might overheat the microwave oven causing high damage towards its components due to them being next to the cavity. To combat this I will recommend reducing the amount of energy the magnetron produces but enough to heat food. The third recommendation that should be introduced to the microwave is the amount of chemicals used in the magnetron. Some magnetrons contains beryllium oxide which if leaked can cause a dangerous lung condition which sometimes could be fatal. Furthermore, all magnetrons contain thorium mixed with tungsten that if leaked and inhaled , can damage cell tissues and cause cancer. To fix this I will recommend taking out most of the chemicals from the magnetron so it does present a health hazard. 6.1: Conclusion The microwave oven has a significant impact on the modern world with its extensive abilities to cook and reheat food. The original form of cooking food can be dated back to Stone Age with the use of fire. Next, came the invention of gas stove in the 1820s which required great amounts of gas with a huge price on its tag. In addition, sometimes the gas stove will fail continuously but this issue was brought to the end in the 20th century. The brilliance of Dr Percys Spencer intellectual mind brought out around one of the most important kitchen appliances of todays technological world called the microwave oven. Even though, this machine had a few problems before becoming perfect. However, the advancement of technology repaired these few problems with companies eager to get their hands of this discovery and made further adjustments to its design to make it look incomparable, magnificent and stunning. Furthermore, the microwave oven uses the technology of electromagnetic radiation to bring new life towards cold and frozen food supplying it with the most effective and efficient way possible. The microwave oven has a major influence of how the world works with its outstanding and striking capabilities that has been indeed a great achievement by mankind. 7.0 Bibliography Gallawa, J. (2013). The History of the Microwave Oven. [online] Microtechfactoryservice.com. Available at: http://www.microtechfactoryservice.com/history.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Woodford, C. (2016). Microwave ovens | How do they work?. [online] Explain that Stuff. Available at: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microwaveovens.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Riaz, R. (2017). How microwave oven is made manufacture, making, used, parts, components, structure, product, Design. [online] Madehow.com. Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Microwave-Oven.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Sharpe, E. (2007). Microwave Oven. [online] Smecc.org. Available at: http://www.smecc.org/microwave_oven.htm [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017].
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Why Did Charles I Lose the Civil War
Why did Charles I lose the Civil War? The English Civil War was 1642-1651 and was a series of battles and political conspiracies between Oliver Cromwell, the leader of Parliament and King Charles I the leader of the Royalists. The civil war set the supporters of King Charles I against the followers of Parliament, this resulted in the Parliament's victory and the King's execution. Cromwell's army was lead by Sir Thomas Fairfax who was one of the outstanding military commanders of the English Civil War.Fairfax is best remembered as the man who commanded the New Model Army at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645. Whereas, Charles' army was lead by Prince Rupert who was the foremost Royalist military commander in the English Civil War. Prince Rupert was very much a cavalry soldier and the Royalists may have lost the war a lot sooner had it not been for his military ability. Both Parliament and the Royalists had armies with little or no military experience, although Fairfax and Prince Rupert could be classed as professional soldiers.Until Parliament brought in a new creation called the New Model Army which was a military unit that was used to transform the English Civil War and was based on a person's ability rather than their position within society, It was also better trained and well armed, making them more formidable. The first proper use of this army was at the battle of Naseby. This was Parliaments' turning point and after that King Charles was never able to raise an army strong enough to win.Some historians believe that this was the main reason for Parliament winning the civil war. It could be argued, however that one of the other reasons cited for Charles losing the war was the lack of money. This was because the nobles and landowners who had sided with him didn't have any money to give him. With the support of wealthy merchants and traders, the parliamentarians had steady flow of money.Something Charles lacked and because of the lack of money, the King couldn' t buy new men and supplies for his army; therefore the army was smaller and less equipped. One of the biggest mistakes that Charles made was leaving London at the beginning of the civil war. Consequently, Parliament took control and Charles was not able to gain power again, although he tried. This was a big setback as it is hard to rule the country without controlling its' capital.Ultimately, the Royalist forces were extinguished, they had run out of money, they had lost control of the capital and their barely trained, small army meant that they had lost the upper hand that they were dealt many times. Parliament however, was a stronger force and Parliament’s control of the seas and richer areas of England, as well as their creation of a powerful, trained and disciplined New Model Army, meant that they had more power in the end. By Yasmin Rose 8z
Friday, January 10, 2020
Underrated Concerns About Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics
Underrated Concerns About Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics If you want more ideas, then take a look in your campus library. Such skills will certainly ease your life. During the duration of your academic career, whether at school or university, you'll probably have to write a minumum of one problem solution essay. A problem solution essay seems to be something which not only college students may get assigned. In which way the schools can enable the students to avoid childhood obesity. The principal idea would be to aid students get the right ways to indicate their knowledge in resolving an actual issue. Writing is among the most effective modes of self-expression, and it's also a remarkably effective approach to help your students sort out all their ideas and feelings. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Let's take a quick glance at some of the most fascinating problem solution essay topics for students that will assist you in writing an essay. What concerns estimation, it normally composes the last portion of an essay. The hardest task is to discover a great topic for your essay. In general, acquiring a strong thesis will allow you to keep up a crystal clear focus throughout your essay. If you're writing a persuasive essay, make sure to give reasons why one solution is the ideal option. Once you are in possession of a strong thesis, the next thing to do is to compose an introduction paragraph. If you go deeper in the structure of problem solving essays, you will notice two distinct patterns according to which they're created. The multiple topics could possibly be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Choosing Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics Simply composing services have the ability to aid you to earn awards. Advantages or disadvantages to every solution ought to be included, in addition to feasibility of the proposed solutions. When you write your research paper based on the subject of your study you will need to adhere to a particular format. If so, then enable the readers know that too. You're developing a paper summary you're prepared to direct your self so obviously, you won't will want to spend the literature review strategy. In such a middle, you will learn a great deal of interesting writing techniques and the way to use them properly. Understanding Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics If you aren't interested in the subject, writing about it is going to look like it takes forever so find something which you like. Every issue solving essay is intended to spot the issues of a particular affair and supply means of eliminating the potential obstacles. If you ask what a problem solution essay is, probably the very first thing you need to know is it is a kind of writing which is meant to notify on some complicated issues and work out the potential approaches to address them. The very first step to writing a problem-solution essay is to recognize the problem which will be discussed. The Appeal of Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics Write a problem solution essay about what you ought to do. In such situations, it's important not just to describe the solution, but also to describe the way the solution can or should be put into place. To put it simply, it describes an issue and suggests a solution. Once you're ready with the problem on your hands, you should think over the ideal solution. You're able to give an instance of your own experience or some facts which will help you describe the problem more vividly. All the examples and are provided to assist you begin the approach. The following are a few ideas that might help with your problem solution essays. In instances where there are several solutions to the issue, the thesis statement might argue for the should address the issue immediately. You may discover infinite sites which have advice regarding applications and might provide you with having a wide array of private statement samples. Specifically, and, firstly, it's valid. Another significant problem is the development of internet fraud and hacking.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
How Rosa Parks Helped Spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African-American seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a white man while riding on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. For doing this, Parks was arrested and fined for breaking the laws of segregation. Rosa Parks refusal to leave her seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and is considered the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Segregated Buses Rosa Parks was born and raised in Alabama, a state known for its harsh segregation laws. In addition to separate drinking fountains, bathrooms, and schools for African-Americans and whites, there were separate rules regarding seating on city buses. On buses in Montgomery, Alabama (the city in which Parks lived), the first rows of seats were reserved for whites only; while African-Americans, who paid the same ten cent fare as the whites, were required to find seats in the back. If all the seats were taken but another white passenger boarded the bus, then a row of African-American passengers sitting in the middle of the bus would be required to give up their seats, even if it meant they would have to stand. In addition to the segregated seating on Montgomery city buses, African-Americans were often made to pay their bus fare at the front of the bus and then get off the bus and re-enter through the back door. It was not uncommon for bus drivers to drive off before the African-American passenger was able to get back on the bus. Although African-Americans in Montgomery lived with segregation daily, these unfair policies on city buses were especially upsetting. Not only did African-Americans have to endure this treatment twice a day, every day, as they went to and from work, they knew that they, and not the whites, made up the majority of bus passengers. It was time for a change. Rosa Parks Refuses to Leave Her Bus Seat After Rosa Parks left work at the Montgomery Fair department store on Thursday, December 1, 1955, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus at Court Square to go home. At the time, she was thinking about a workshop she was helping organize and thus she was a bit distracted as she took a seat on the bus, which turned out to be in the row right behind the section reserved for whites. At the next stop, the Empire Theater, a group of whites boarded the bus. There were still enough open seats in the rows reserved for whites for all but one of the new white passengers. The bus driver, James Blake, already known to Parks for his roughness and rudeness, said, Let me have those front seats. Rosa Parks and the other three African-Americans seated in her row didnt move. So Blake the bus driver said, Yall better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats. The man next to Parks stood up and Parks let him pass by her. The two women in the bench seat across from her also got up. Parks remained seated. Although only one white passenger needed a seat, all four African-American passengers were required to stand up because a white person living in the segregated South would not sit in the same row as an African American. Despite the hostile looks from the bus driver and the other passengers, Rosa Parks refused to get up. The driver told Parks, Well, Im going to have you arrested. And Parks responded, You may do that. Why Didnt Rosa Parks Stand Up? At the time, bus drivers were allowed to carry guns in order to enforce the segregation laws. By refusing to give up her seat, Rosa Parks might have been grabbed or beaten. Instead, on this particular day, Blake the bus driver just stood outside the bus and waited for the police to arrive. As they waited for the police to arrive, many of the other passengers got off the bus. Many of them wondered why Parks didnt just get up like the others had done. Parks was willing to be arrested. However, it was not because she wanted to be involved in a lawsuit against the bus company, despite knowing that the NAACP was looking for the right plaintiff to do so. Parks was also not too old to get up nor too tired from a long day at work. Instead, Rosa Parks was just fed up with being mistreated. As she describes in her autobiography, The only tired I was, was tired of giving in. Rosa Parks Is Arrested After waiting for a little while on the bus, two policemen came to arrest her. Parks asked one of them, Why do you all push us around? To which the policeman responded, I dont know, but the law is the law and youre under arrest. Parks was taken to City Hall where she was fingerprinted and photographed and then placed in a cell with two other women. She was released later that night on bail and was back at home by around 9:30 or 10 p.m. While Rosa Parks was on her way to jail, news of her arrest circulated around the city. That night, E.D. Nixon, a friend of Parks as well as the president of the local chapter of the NAACP, asked Rosa Parks if she would be the plaintiff in a lawsuit against the bus company. She said yes. Also that night, news of her arrest led to plans for a one-day boycott of the buses in Montgomery on Monday, December 5, 1955â€â€the same day as Parks trial. Rosa Parks trial lasted no more than thirty minutes and she was found guilty. She was fined $10 and an additional $4 for court costs. The one-day boycott of the buses in Montgomery was so successful that it turned into a 381-day boycott, now called the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott ended when the Supreme Court ruled that the bus segregation laws in Alabama were unconstitutional. Source Parks, Rosa. Rosa Parks: My Story. New York: Dial Books, 1992.
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